Reference

__** Introduction **__
 * 1) Crude Oil Fouling. Imperial College London [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []
 * 2) Fouling. Wikipedia [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []
 * 3) Freudenrich C. How oil refining works. Howstuffworks [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []
 * 4) Heat exchanger fouling and cleaning. [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []
 * 5) Mukherjee R.1996. Conquer heat exchanger fouling. Hydrocarbon Processing. 75(1): 121-127.

**__Fouling Mechanisms__**

 * 1) Asphaltene deposition and its control. [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: [|http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Asphaltene.Deposition.and.Its.Control_html]
 * 2) Deshannavar U.B., Rafeen M.S., Ramasamy M., Subbarao D. 2010. Crude oil fouling: A review. J. Applied Sci., 10: 3167-3174. URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2010.3167.3174
 * 3) Watikinson A.P., Wilson D.I. 1997. Chemical reaction fouling: A review. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 14: 361-374
 * 4) Watikinson A.P. 1992. Chemical reaction fouling organic fluids. Chemical Engineering Technology, 15: 82-90

__** Factors Influencing Fouling **__
 * 1) Stark JL, Asomaning S. 2003. Crude Oil Blending Effects on Asphaltene Stability in Refinery Fouling. Petroleum Science and Technology. 21(3):569 — 579.
 * 2) Aminian J, Shahhosseini S. 2009. Neuro-based formulation to predict fouling threshold in crude preheaters. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 36:525–531.
 * 3) Mohammad RJN, Mehdi MG. 2006. Modeling of crude oil fouling in preheat exchangers of refinery distillation units. Applied Thermal Engineering. 26:1572–1577.
 * 4) Asomaning S. 1997. Heat Exchanger Fouling By Petroleum Asphaltenes [Dissertation]. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
 * 5) Deshannavar UB, Rafeen MS, Ramasamy M, Subbarao D. 2010. Crude Oil Fouling: A Review. Journal of Applied Sciences. 10(24): 3167-3174.
 * 6) Polley GT, Wilson DI, Yeap BL, Pugh SJ. 2002. Evaluation of laboratory crude oil threshold fouling data for application to refinery pre-heat trains. Applied Thermal Engineering. 22:777–788
 * 7) Microbial Fouling of Oil and Gas Wells Causing Corrosion. [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []


 * __ Fouling Control __**
 * 1) Asphaltene Deposition and its Control [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from: [|http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Asphaltene.Deposition.and.Its.Control_html]
 * 2) Allan S. Myerson. 2002. Handbook of Industrial Crystallization Second Edition [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from: []
 * 3) Fouling. Wikipedia [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from: []
 * 4) Miklelewis, 2010. Brazed plate heat exchanger applications and advantages of use Domestic Hot Water Heating. Chemical Reaction Fouling (polymerization) [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from: []
 * 5) Pierre R.Roberge. Antifouling Coatings [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from: []
 * 6) Crude heat exchanger cleaning by tube tech international [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []

__** Cost Associated With Fouling **__


 * 1) Deshannavar U.B., Rafeen M.S., Ramasamy M., Subbarao D. 2010. Crude oil fouling: A review. J. Applied Sci., 10: 3167-3174. URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2010.3167.3174
 * 2) Energy cost of equipment. Dynamic Descaler. [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []
 * 3) Reduced scale increases chiller efficiency, cuts costs and saves energy. . [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available from: []

__Design__

 * 1) Rodriguez C, Smith R. 2007. Optimization of operating conditions for mitigating fouling in heat exchanger networks. 839-851. doi: 10.1205/cherd06046
 * 2) Tarun K.P, Graham T.P. 2000. Optimize shell-and-tube heat exchanger design. Chemical Engineering Progress. 96(9):41-46.